Acute Stress Reaction: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

What is Acute Stress Reaction?

What is Acute Stress Reaction?

Imagine being in a life-threatening situation – a car accident, a natural disaster, or a violent attack. Your body’s immediate response is to go into “fight or flight” mode, releasing stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline to help you react quickly and protect yourself. This sudden, intense physiological response is known as an Acute Stress Reaction (ASR), a normal and essential mechanism that helps you cope with immediate danger.

In ASR, your body’s sympathetic nervous system takes over, causing your heart rate to accelerate, blood pressure to rise, and senses to become more alert. This response is meant to be short-lived, typically lasting from a few minutes to a few hours, after which your body returns to its normal state.

However, in some cases, the Acute Stress Reaction can persist or become overwhelming, leading to more severe mental health issues like Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). For instance, a soldier who has just experienced a traumatic event on the battlefield may exhibit symptoms of ASR, such as hypervigilance, anxiety, and dissociation, which can later develop into PTSD if left untreated.

To illustrate this concept, consider the example of Sarah, a young woman involved in a severe car accident. Immediately after the accident, she felt a rush of adrenaline and was able to call for help and respond to the emergency responders. However, in the days and weeks that followed, Sarah began to experience persistent anxiety, flashbacks, and nightmares about the accident. Her Acute Stress Reaction had developed into Acute Stress Disorder, requiring professional intervention to prevent further mental health complications.

An Acute Stress Reaction can affect anyone who experiences or witnesses a traumatic event, and it is essential to recognize the signs and symptoms to provide timely support and treatment. Some common symptoms of ASR include:

• Rapid heartbeat and breathing
• Sweating, trembling, or shaking
• Numbness, tingling, or dissociation
• Confusion, disorientation, or difficulty concentrating
• Anxiety, fear, or feelings of panic
• Intrusive thoughts or memories of the traumatic event

In conclusion, an Acute Stress Reaction is a normal physiological response to a traumatic event, designed to help you react and protect yourself. However, if left untreated or unresolved, it can develop into more severe mental health issues, emphasizing the importance of prompt recognition, support, and treatment.

Overview and Historical Context

The concept of an acute stress reaction, also known as acute stress disorder (ASD), has been an integral part of human experience for centuries, albeit with varying degrees of understanding. From the emotionally charged battlefields of old to the high-stakes work environments of today, humans have consistently grappled with the immediate psychological fallout of traumatic events.

Acute stress reaction, as we now know it, refers to the intense but brief psychological response to a traumatic or severely distressing event, with symptoms typically arising immediately or within minutes of the event, and subsequently diminishing over a period of days to weeks. The psychological contagion sparked during such a stress reaction mirrors an intricate web of emotional processing – one characterized by surges of fear, anger, guilt, shame, or a potent mixture of all the above.

Historically, ancient Greek descriptions of ‘war madness’ or the term ‘soldier’s heart’, as recorded during the American Civil War, reveal accounts of battle-weary warriors succumbing to fits of irascibility, violent outbursts, and palpable psychological distress – clear precursors to modern understandings of acute stress reaction.

However, it wasn’t until World War I that the concept truly gained impetus, particularly following studies of shell-shocked soldiers displaying characteristic symptoms, including palpitations, overwhelming anxiety, visual hallucinations, and severely thwarted resilience.

More recent developments have led to its official formulation, with the introduction of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) defining acute stress disorder (ASD) in its fourth edition, published in 1994. According to the DSM, ASD can arise from events including, though not limited to, violent crimes, life-threatening accidents, horrific vehicular crashes, high-speed natural catastrophic occurrences, medical terror, being bullied by students, or any number of other traumatic incidents involving actual or protracted threats of violence or accidental injury.

One striking illustration of acute stress reaction’s relevance can be exemplified by the trauma triggered during a Category 4 hurricane. Let’s explore the narrative of Maria, a freelance news camerawoman dispatched to the immediate outskirts of a category 4 hurricane-hammered region for reporting. Here, Maria inadvertently captures riveting aerial footage revealing the acute aftermath of a devastation-wrecked area, unwittingly confronting traumatic remnants herself.

Maria, immediately perturbed by exposure to life-threatening or grievously disturbing material from several hurricane-scorched districts, promptly finds herself haunted by vivid nightmares, elevated tension levels, aberrant appetite disruptions, and an uptick of reactive emotions such that it affected relationships with her peers and even felt strained at some point.

As we evaluate the interwar events entwining their precarious narrative fabric, the contemporary emphasis and increased knowledge dissemination into understanding acute stress response clearly underscore an increasingly mainstream interest toward prevention awareness. In the subsequent segments, this treatise seeks a lucid guide towards assessing and quelling that acute psychological turmoil’s perilous hold on countless unfortunate victims grappling silently through torturous inner ordeals, their existences besieged by cataclysmic personal turmoil as we press the dialogue on understanding, healing and therapeutic interventional guidance through navigating those elusive stormy psychological aftereffects head-first facing survivors of a disastrous chain of events today.

Related Terms and Concepts

If you’re delving into the world of Acute Stress Reaction, it’s essential to grasp the surrounding concepts that intricately connect with this condition. Understanding these related terms and concepts will not only deepen your knowledge but also help you identify the signs and symptoms of Acute Stress Reaction, enabling you to seek or provide support when needed.

1. Fight or Flight Response

The fight or flight response is a natural bodily reaction that occurs when we perceive danger or feel threatened. This response, triggered by the release of stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, prepares our body to either confront the threat (fight) or flee from it (flight). This automatic response is designed to be short-lived, lasting only until the perceived danger passes. However, when an individual experiences a traumatic event, their fight or flight response can become stuck, leading to an Acute Stress Reaction.

2. Traumatic Stress

Traumatic stress often underlies Acute Stress Reaction. Traumatic stress results from experiencing or witnessing a distressing, life-altering event that surpasses a person’s ability to cope. These events can include combat, natural disasters, violent attacks, or any other situation that leaves an individual feeling helpless or threatened. When someone with traumatic stress is exposed to triggers that remind them of the traumatic event, they may experience an Acute Stress Reaction.

3. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

PTSD is a mental health condition that develops in some individuals after experiencing a traumatic event. While similar to Acute Stress Reaction, PTSD tends to last longer and can persist for months, years, or even decades after the initial traumatic event. PTSD symptoms include flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety, among others. To be diagnosed with PTSD, symptoms must persist for at least a month, whereas Acute Stress Reaction typically lasts for a shorter duration.

4. Anxiety Disorders

Individuals who have experienced an Acute Stress Reaction are at a higher risk of developing anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, or generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders involve intense feelings of fear, unease, or worry that can significantly impact a person’s daily life.

5. Hypervigilance

Hypervigilance, a hallmark of Acute Stress Reaction, is a state of increased alertness, often accompanied by an exaggerated startle response. This is the body’s natural response to the fight or flight response. People with Acute Stress Reaction may find themselves constantly on the lookout for potential threats, feeling as though they’re “on edge” or primed for danger.

6. Dissociation

Dissociation is a psychological coping mechanism that helps an individual disconnect from their traumatic experience. In the context of Acute Stress Reaction, dissociation can manifest as a sense of detachment from oneself or others, feelings of being “numb” or distant, or even amnesia for parts of the traumatic event. Dissociation serves as a temporary defense strategy, but prolonged dissociation can be detrimental to one’s mental health.

7. Neurobiology of Stress

When we experience stress or a traumatic event, it activates the amygdala, a part of our brain that processes emotions. This activation sets off a chain reaction that ultimately affects the release of stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. In the case of Acute Stress Reaction, the neurobiological pathways involved in the stress response system can become disrupted, contributing to the persistence of symptoms.

8. Neurofeedback and Mindfulness-Based Interventions

Neurofeedback and mindfulness-based interventions have proven to be effective in helping individuals manage Acute Stress Reaction. By learning to recognize and regulate their bodily responses to stress, individuals can gain control over their stress reactions and alleviate symptoms. These interventions work by focusing on training awareness and self-regulation techniques that gradually calm the stress response system.

9. Social Support

Social support plays a significant role in recovery from Acute Stress Reaction. Surrounding oneself with understanding family members, friends, or a mental health professional can significantly aid in post-traumatic recovery. The emotional validation that comes with sharing traumatic experiences with others can help alleviate feelings of guilt, shame, or self-blame associated with Acute Stress Reaction.

10. Complex Trauma

Complex trauma, also known as cumulative trauma, occurs when an individual is exposed to multiple traumatic events, rather than a single isolated incident. This type of trauma often arises in situations of long-term abuse or ongoing exposure to traumatic conditions. Understanding the concept of complex trauma can be particularly helpful for people dealing with Acute Stress Reaction who have experienced repeated traumas throughout their lives.

In conclusion, addressing Acute Stress Reaction requires a deep understanding of related concepts such as traumatic stress, PTSD, anxiety disorders, and hypervigilance. Understanding these conditions not only illuminates the path towards healing but also guides treatment options that foster emotional validation and effective self-regulation techniques.

Examples and Case Studies

Examples and Case Studies of Acute Stress Reaction

Imagine being in a situation where you’re driving to work on a typical Monday morning, when suddenly, another car crashes into yours. The impact is loud, and the airbag deploys, leaving you shaken and disoriented. This is an example of a potentially traumatic event that can trigger an acute stress reaction.

Acute stress reaction is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It’s characterized by feelings of anxiety, panic, and overwhelm, often in response to a stressful or traumatic event. To better understand this condition, let’s dive into some real-life examples and case studies.

Case Study 1: A Military Veteran

John, a 35-year-old military veteran, returned from combat duty in Afghanistan. During his deployment, he witnessed several comrades being injured and killed. When he came back home, he struggled to adjust to civilian life, experiencing vivid flashbacks, nightmares, and anxiety attacks. After a car accident on a busy highway, John’s symptoms worsened, and he began to experience an acute stress reaction. He reported feeling on edge, irritable, and disconnected from his loved ones.

In this case, John’s traumatic experiences during combat and the car accident triggered an acute stress reaction, which manifested as anxiety, hypervigilance, and avoidance behaviors. With the help of therapy and support groups, John was able to manage his symptoms and learn coping strategies to deal with his stress reaction.

Case Study 2: A Natural Disaster Survivor

After Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans in 2005, thousands of people were affected, including a young mother named Maria. She and her two children had to evacuate their home and flee to a shelter. For days, they had to cope with uncertain living conditions, lack of food, and water shortages. The trauma and stress of the situation triggered an acute stress reaction in Maria, who began to experience anxiety attacks, nightmares, and difficulty sleeping.

Maria’s experience illustrates how exposure to a traumatic event, such as a natural disaster, can lead to an acute stress reaction. With the help of mental health professionals and support from her community, Maria was able to receive the necessary support and care to manage her symptoms and begin the healing process.

Case Study 3: A Workplace Accident

Sarah, a 28-year-old office worker, was involved in a workplace accident when a heavy object fell on her. She was rushed to the hospital and received medical attention. However, the accident triggered an acute stress reaction, which manifested as fear, anxiety, and a sense of vulnerability.

In this case, the sudden and unexpected nature of the accident triggered an acute stress reaction in Sarah. With the help of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) therapy and counseling, Sarah was able to process her emotions and learn coping strategies to manage her stress reaction.

Common Themes and Lessons Learned

From these examples and case studies, we can identify common themes and lessons learned:

• Trauma and stress can trigger an acute stress reaction: Events like car accidents, combat, natural disasters, and workplace accidents can trigger an acute stress reaction.
• The importance of seeking help: It’s crucial to seek help from mental health professionals, support groups, or loved ones to manage symptoms and begin the healing process.
• Coping strategies and stress management: Learning coping strategies and stress management techniques can help alleviate symptoms and improve overall well-being.
• Trauma and stress can affect anyone: Acute stress reaction can affect anyone, regardless of background, age, or occupation.

These case studies demonstrate the importance of understanding and addressing acute stress reaction. By recognizing the signs and symptoms and providing support and resources, we can help individuals recover from this condition and manage their stress reaction.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Acute Stress Reaction

Imagine walking through a busy street on a typical Monday morning when suddenly, a car speeds by, and you barely escape being hit. The adrenaline rush that follows can be overwhelming, causing your heart to pound, and your mind to go blank. This intense reaction is an example of Acute Stress Reaction (ASR), a common response to a perceived threat or traumatic event.

ASR can manifest differently in people, but there are common symptoms that can help identify it. Here are some key signs to look out for:

1. Physical Symptoms: People experiencing ASR may exhibit physical reactions such as:
   • Rapid heartbeat and palpitations
   • Sweating, trembling, or shaking
   • Nausea and vomiting
   • Headaches and dizziness
   • Muscle tension and stiffness
2. Emotional Symptoms: Individuals with ASR may show emotional responses such as:
   • Anxiety, fear, and panic
   • Irritability and mood swings
   • Disconnection from reality or derealization
   • Feeling of being “on edge” or hypervigilance
3. Cognitive Symptoms: Cognitive impairments associated with ASR include:
   • Difficulty concentrating and focusing
   • Memory lapses and forgetfulness
   • Confusion and disorientation
   • Decreased decision-making abilities
4. Behavioral Symptoms: In some cases, ASR can lead to changes in behavior, such as:
   • Avoiding people or situations that remind them of the traumatic event
   • Increased substance abuse or addiction
   • Social withdrawal and isolation
   • Self-destructive behaviors

To diagnose ASR, mental health professionals typically use a combination of diagnostic tools, including:

1. Clinical Interviews: A comprehensive interview to assess the individual’s symptoms, history, and personal experiences.
2. Psychological Assessments: Standardized psychological tests and questionnaires, such as the Trauma Symptom Checklist or the Acute Stress Disorder Scale.
3. Observations: Observing the individual’s behavior and responses to stressors.

The Case of Emily

Emily, a 30-year-old nurse, was involved in a car accident on her way home from work. Although she sustained minor injuries, the incident left her shaken. She began experiencing flashbacks, nightmares, and anxiety attacks. Her friends and family noticed a significant change in her behavior, as she became irritable and withdrawn.

Emily’s primary care physician referred her to a mental health professional, who diagnosed her with Acute Stress Reaction. The therapist worked with Emily to develop coping strategies and stress management techniques, such as deep breathing exercises and mindfulness meditation.

Early Intervention and Treatment

Recognizing the symptoms of ASR is crucial for early intervention and effective treatment. If left untreated, ASR can progress to more severe conditions, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A comprehensive treatment plan for ASR typically includes:

1. Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and trauma-focused CBT are effective in managing symptoms and promoting recovery.
2. Medications: Anti-anxiety medications, antidepressants, and sleep aids may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms.
3. Lifestyle Changes: Engaging in regular exercise, practicing relaxation techniques, and maintaining a healthy diet can help manage stress and promote overall well-being.

In conclusion, Acute Stress Reaction is a common response to traumatic events, and its symptoms can vary from person to person. By understanding the warning signs and seeking professional help, individuals can recover from ASR and prevent more severe conditions from developing.

Treatment and Management

Treatment and Management of Acute Stress Reaction

When faced with the overwhelming effects of an Acute Stress Reaction, it’s essential to address the emotional and psychological distress it causes. Effective treatment and management require a comprehensive approach, combining self-care strategies, professional interventions, and social support. In this section, we’ll delve into the evidence-based methods for managing Acute Stress Reactions, drawing from real-life examples and expert insights.

Immediate Self-Care Strategies

In the aftermath of a traumatic event, it’s crucial to prioritize self-care. The following strategies can help mitigate the impact of an Acute Stress Reaction:

1. Allow yourself to feel: Recognize that your emotions are valid and that it’s okay to feel overwhelmed. Avoid suppressing your feelings, as this can prolong the recovery process.
2. Engage in relaxation techniques: Practice deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, or meditation to calm your nervous system. These techniques can help reduce anxiety and stress.
3. Seek social support: Reach out to trusted friends, family, or a support group for emotional validation and connection.

Professional Interventions

Working with a mental health professional can significantly enhance the treatment and management of an Acute Stress Reaction. The following therapeutic approaches have been shown to be effective:

1. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): This type of therapy helps individuals identify and challenge negative thought patterns, restructuring their cognitive responses to traumatic experiences.
2. Trauma-Focused CBT (TF-CBT): This specialized form of CBT addresses the unique needs of individuals who have experienced trauma, promoting coping skills and emotional regulation.
3. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): EMDR therapy has been shown to reduce the distress associated with traumatic memories, promoting adaptive processing and integration.

Medication and Pharmacotherapy

In some cases, medication may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms of anxiety, depression, or insomnia associated with an Acute Stress Reaction. Antidepressants, anxiolytics, and sedatives may be used to help manage these symptoms. However, medication should always be used under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as it may have unintended consequences or interact with other medications.

Case Study: Managing Acute Stress Reaction in a Natural Disaster Survivor

Meet Sarah, a 35-year-old survivor of a devastating hurricane. Sarah’s home was severely damaged, and she witnessed the traumatic loss of her neighbor. In the aftermath, Sarah experienced nightmares, flashbacks, and anxiety. She began working with a therapist, who implemented a TF-CBT approach. Through this therapy, Sarah learned coping skills, such as deep breathing and relaxation techniques, and began to reframe her negative thoughts.

Sarah also received medication to manage her sleep disturbances and anxiety. With time and support, she began to integrate her traumatic experience into her narrative, gradually decreasing her symptoms. She became actively involved in a support group for survivors, fostering connections with others who shared similar experiences.

Key Takeaways

• Acute Stress Reaction treatment requires a comprehensive approach, incorporating self-care strategies, professional interventions, and social support.
• Immediate self-care strategies, such as relaxation techniques and social support, can mitigate the impact of an Acute Stress Reaction.
• Professional interventions, including CBT, TF-CBT, and EMDR, can be effective in managing symptoms and promoting recovery.
• Medication may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms but should always be used under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.

In conclusion, successful treatment and management of an Acute Stress Reaction depend on a multifaceted approach that addresses the unique needs of the individual. By combining self-care strategies, professional interventions, and social support, individuals can effectively manage the emotional and psychological distress associated with an Acute Stress Reaction.

Key Components

Key Components of Acute Stress Reaction

Acute Stress Reaction, also known as Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), is a mental health condition characterized by intense emotional and physiological responses following a traumatic event. To fully comprehend this phenomenon, it’s essential to break down the key components involved. By examining the psychological, social, and biological aspects, we can gain a deeper understanding of Acute Stress Reaction and its impact on individuals.

1. Traumatic Event

The foundation of Acute Stress Reaction lies in the traumatic event itself. A traumatic event can range from experiencing or witnessing a life-threatening situation, such as a car accident, natural disaster, or physical assault, to sudden loss or witnessing death. These events trigger an overwhelming sense of fear or helplessness, shaking an individual’s sense of security and causing their stress response to go into overdrive.

Example: Consider the case of a person who witnesses a traumatic car accident on their daily commute. This event may trigger flashbacks, nightmares, or fear of driving, all of which can lead to an Acute Stress Reaction.

2. Stress Response

When we experience or witness a traumatic event, our body’s “fight or flight” response is triggered, releasing an influx of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. This reaction prepares our body for immediate action by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. While initially adaptive, prolonged activation of the stress response can lead to detrimental effects on both physical and mental health.

3. Psychological Symptoms

Individuals experiencing Acute Stress Reaction may exhibit a range of psychological symptoms, including:

• Hypervigilance: difficulty sleeping or concentrating due to increased alertness
• Dissociation: feelings of detachment from oneself or reality
• Emotional numbing: reduced emotional responsiveness or feelings of emotional anesthesia
• Intrusive thoughts: recurrent, distressing thoughts or memories related to the traumatic event

Case Study: A study on individuals who experienced the 9/11 terrorist attacks found that those who developed Acute Stress Reaction exhibited increased symptoms of hypervigilance and dissociation in the immediate aftermath.

4. Social Factors

Social support from family, friends, and professional networks can significantly influence an individual’s resilience to traumatic events. Positive social connections can act as a buffer against the development of Acute Stress Reaction, while social isolation can exacerbate symptoms.

5. Biological Markers

Research has identified several biological markers that may indicate an increased risk of developing Acute Stress Reaction. These include:

• Cortisol levels: elevated cortisol levels have been linked to Acute Stress Reaction
• Inflammation: chronic inflammation has been associated with an increased risk of developing mental health conditions, including Acute Stress Reaction
• Neurotransmitter imbalance: imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine may contribute to the development of Acute Stress Reaction

6. Duration and Severity

Acute Stress Reaction typically develops within days or weeks of a traumatic event, and symptoms can persist for up to a month. However, if symptoms persist beyond three months or worsen over time, it may indicate the development of a more chronic condition, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Understanding the key components of Acute Stress Reaction is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. By acknowledging the psychological, social, and biological factors involved, we can provide targeted support to individuals at risk and promote resilience in the face of traumatic events.

Comparison to Other Disorders

Comparison to Other Disorders

Acute Stress Reaction is often confused with other mental health disorders, but it’s essential to understand the distinct characteristics that set it apart. Let’s dive into how it differs from other related conditions, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Adjustment Disorder, and Anxiety Disorders.

Acute Stress Reaction vs. PTSD

While both Acute Stress Reaction and PTSD are triggered by traumatic events, the primary difference lies in the duration of symptoms. Acute Stress Reaction typically lasts anywhere from a few hours to a few days, whereas PTSD symptoms persist for at least a month after the traumatic event. For instance, consider the story of a firefighter, Sarah, who experiences a close call while responding to a fire. If her symptoms, such as anxiety and flashbacks, subside within a few days, it’s likely an Acute Stress Reaction. However, if Sarah continues to experience nightmares and avoidance behaviors for months, she might be diagnosed with PTSD.

Acute Stress Reaction vs. Adjustment Disorder

Acute Stress Reaction is often mistaken for Adjustment Disorder, which is characterized by intense emotional stress following a specific event, such as a move or job change. However, Acute Stress Reaction is typically triggered by a single, traumatic event, whereas Adjustment Disorder is more related to stress caused by ongoing lifestyle changes. Consider the case of Tom, who is struggling to cope with a recent divorce. If his symptoms, such as depression and anxiety, started shortly after the divorce and linger for months, Adjustment Disorder might be a more fitting diagnosis. However, if Tom experiences an intense, short-lived reaction to a specific event, such as a confrontation with his ex-partner, it might be classified as an Acute Stress Reaction.

Acute Stress Reaction vs. Anxiety Disorders

Acute Stress Reaction can resemble Anxiety Disorders, such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) or Panic Disorder, due to overlapping symptoms like anxiety and hypervigilance. However, Anxiety Disorders typically involve persistent, intrusive fears or worries that are not necessarily tied to a single traumatic event. For example, consider Emily, who experiences debilitating anxiety whenever she’s in crowds due to a fear of being trapped. If Emily’s anxiety persists for months and affects her daily life, it’s more likely to be an Anxiety Disorder. In contrast, if Emily’s anxiety is directly linked to a specific incident, such as a recent car accident, and resolves within days, it might be classified as an Acute Stress Reaction.

Acute Stress Reaction vs. Psychosis

Lastly, Acute Stress Reaction can be differentiated from Psychosis, which involves a disconnection from reality, often manifesting as hallucinations or delusions. While an Acute Stress Reaction might involve intense, stressful emotions, it typically doesn’t involve a disconnection from reality. Consider the example of David, who, after witnessing a robbery, becomes convinced that the world is coming to an end. In this case, David’s reaction might be better classified as a Psychotic Episode, rather than an Acute Stress Reaction.

In conclusion, while Acute Stress Reaction shares some similarities with other disorders, understanding its distinct characteristics is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. By recognizing the differences between Acute Stress Reaction and related conditions, mental health professionals can provide more targeted support and relief to those struggling with trauma.

Important Sources